Sustainable welfare: How do universal basic income and universal basic services compare?

The newly emerging concept of sustainable welfare refers to systems which aim satisfy everyone's needs within planetary boundaries and decouple the welfare-growth nexus. Both Universal Basic Income (UBI) Services (UBS) have been discussed as suitable, but potentially competing, approaches that could support welfare. This paper contributes this debate by asking how UBI UBS compare in relation four criteria: a) boundaries, b) satisfaction, c) fair distribution, d) democratic governance. argues are not so much conflicting complementary for supporting focuses on consumption side economy while addresses production more directly, both would be relevant any system. Sustainable outcomes shaped institutional contexts they operate, especially governance markets, collective provisioning decision-making at all levels. More attention paid these when discussing potential UBS.